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101Possible Pigments: Lead White, Vermillion, Iron Oxides, Zinc White (Overpaint)<br/><br/>* Lapis Lazuli and Organic Pigments (e.g. Lakes, Dyestuff, etc.) are difficult to detect with XRF
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102Possible Pigments: Lead White, Vermillion, Iron Oxides (Umbers), Calcium Sulphate/Carbonate, Azurite (?), Zinc White (Overpaint)<br/><br/>* Lapis Lazuli and Organic Pigments (e.g. Lakes, Dyestuff, etc.) are difficult to detect with XRF
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103Possible Pigments: Lead White, Iron Oxides, Calcium Sulphate/Carbonate<br/><br/>* Lapis Lazuli and Organic Pigments (e.g. Lakes, Dyestuff, etc.) are difficult to detect with XRF
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104Possible Pigments: Lead White, Iron Oxides, Azurite, Calcium Sulphate/Carbonate, Zinc White (Overpaint)<br/><br/>* Lapis Lazuli and Organic Pigments (e.g. Lakes, Dyestuff, etc.) are difficult to detect with XRF
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105Completed paint consolidation and removal of overpaint/varnish on bottom half of painting. A thin coat of non-yellowing, stable synthetic varnish was applied across the bottom section. Began cleaning/consolidation of upper section.
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106
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107
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108
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109
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110
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111
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112Completed removal of overpaint and varnish from the bottom half of the painting. The central portion of the canvas appeared to be in excellent condition save for a few old tears while most of the damage appeared to be localized along the outermost edges of the painting. This may have been caused to prolonged exposure to moisture or even how the painting may have originally been displayed (e.g. in a large hall flanked by windows) (Pictured here: Maggie Bearden).
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113Overpaint continued to be removed from the edges of the painting, uncovering previous restoration attempts and damaged areas.
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114Brown-grey residues from an unoriginal glue coating were found on the surface of the painting in the bottom right corner once the thick overpaint and varnish had been removed.
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115
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116The residues were successfully reduced using an aqueous emulsion (containing both water and solvent) revealing the original peachy tones of the woman's flesh.
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117
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118This sample was collected from the green-colored cushion on King Saul's throne before removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground contains iron oxides, calcium, and alumino-silicates (Fe, Ca, Al, Si, O, Mg, Mn); the upper ground layer contains more iron and manganese than the lower layer, indicating a higher concentration of earth colors/umbers in the second ground application. The presence of green earth particles was confirmed by the detection of high levels of silica (Si) and moderate to low levels of iron (Fe).<br/><br/><i>Top Left: Ultraviolet light/200x magnification; Top Right: BSE image/217x magnification; Bottom left and right: EDS elemental maps (Major Elements: Si, O, Ca, Al, Fe; Trace: K, S, Mg, Mn)</i>
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119This sample was collected from Abner's yellow ptergues (leather straps worn at the waist by Roman soldiers). The red-brown ground contains iron oxides, calcium, and alumino-silicates (Fe, Ca, Al, Si, O, Mg, Mn); the upper ground layer contains more iron and manganese than the lower layer, indicating a higher concentration of earth colors/umbers in the second ground application. The upper paint layers contain lead white (Pb) and yellow iron oxides (Fe, O). Top Left: Visible light/200x magnification;<br/><br/><i>Top Right: BSE image/399x magnification; Bottom left and right: EDS elemental maps (Major Elements: Si, O, Ca, Pb, Al, Fe; Trace: K, S, Mg, Mn)</i>
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120This sample was collected from the green-colored mountains in the distant background after removal of the overpaint and degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground contains iron oxides, calcium, and alumino-silicates (Fe, Ca, Al, Si, O, Mg, Mn). The paint layer contains lead white (Pb), earth colors (Fe, Si, O), and lead-antimonate (Pb, Sb). The presence of green earth particles was confirmed by the detection of high levels of silica (Si) and moderate to low levels of iron (Fe). A few yellow particles were found to contain lead and antimony (Pb, Sb) pointing towards the presence of Naples Yellow, however a large whitish agglomerate appeared to contain lead, antimony, and high levels of silica (Si). It may be that a range of lead-antimonate particles were used, with some possessing more of a "glassier" nature than others. Colored glass has been found in Italian Renaissance and Baroque paintings.<br/><br/><i>Top Left: Visible light/200x magnification; Top Right: BSE image/2124x magnification; Bottom left and right: EDS elemental maps (Major Elements: Si, O, Pb, Al, Ca, Fe; Trace: K, Mg, Sb)</i>