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  1. 61
    This sample was collected from the green-colored cushion on King Saul's throne before removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground contains iron oxides, calcium, and alumino-silicates (Fe, Ca, Al, Si, O, Mg, Mn); the upper ground layer contains more iron and manganese than the lower layer, indicating a higher concentration of earth colors/umbers in the second ground application. The presence of green earth particles was confirmed by the detection of high levels of silica (Si) and moderate to low levels of iron (Fe).<br/><br/><i>Top Left: Ultraviolet light/200x magnification; Top Right: BSE image/217x magnification; Bottom left and right: EDS elemental maps (Major Elements: Si, O, Ca, Al, Fe; Trace: K, S, Mg, Mn)</i>
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2013-12-25
  2. 62
    This sample was collected from Abner's yellow ptergues (leather straps worn at the waist by Roman soldiers). The red-brown ground contains iron oxides, calcium, and alumino-silicates (Fe, Ca, Al, Si, O, Mg, Mn); the upper ground layer contains more iron and manganese than the lower layer, indicating a higher concentration of earth colors/umbers in the second ground application. The upper paint layers contain lead white (Pb) and yellow iron oxides (Fe, O). Top Left: Visible light/200x magnification;<br/><br/><i>Top Right: BSE image/399x magnification; Bottom left and right: EDS elemental maps (Major Elements: Si, O, Ca, Pb, Al, Fe; Trace: K, S, Mg, Mn)</i>
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2013-12-25
  3. 63
    This sample was collected from the green-colored mountains in the distant background after removal of the overpaint and degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground contains iron oxides, calcium, and alumino-silicates (Fe, Ca, Al, Si, O, Mg, Mn). The paint layer contains lead white (Pb), earth colors (Fe, Si, O), and lead-antimonate (Pb, Sb). The presence of green earth particles was confirmed by the detection of high levels of silica (Si) and moderate to low levels of iron (Fe). A few yellow particles were found to contain lead and antimony (Pb, Sb) pointing towards the presence of Naples Yellow, however a large whitish agglomerate appeared to contain lead, antimony, and high levels of silica (Si). It may be that a range of lead-antimonate particles were used, with some possessing more of a "glassier" nature than others. Colored glass has been found in Italian Renaissance and Baroque paintings.<br/><br/><i>Top Left: Visible light/200x magnification; Top Right: BSE image/2124x magnification; Bottom left and right: EDS elemental maps (Major Elements: Si, O, Pb, Al, Ca, Fe; Trace: K, Mg, Sb)</i>
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2013-12-25
  4. 64
    The red-brown ground contains iron oxides, calcium, and alumino-silicates (Fe, Ca, Al, Si, O, Mg, Mn). Multiple paint layers were found to contain lead-antimonate yellow (Pb, Sb), lead white (Pb), and earth colors (Fe, Si, O, Mn). The presence of phosphorous in the black paint layer indicates the presence of bone black (P). Images obtained using x-radiography confirmed that these colored paint layers beneath the black most likely correspond to a hidden figure that is present beneath the shield. Top Left: Visible light/200x magnification;<br/><br/><i>Top Right: BSE image/997x magnification; Bottom left and right: EDS elemental maps (Major Elements: Si, O, Pb, Al, Ca, Fe; Trace: K, Mg, Sb)</i>
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2013-12-25
  5. 65
    Continued cleaning and consolidation on upper section of painting. Began consolidation and overpaint/varnish removal throughout top half of painting.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-01
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  12. 72
    Continued cleaning and consolidation on upper half of painting. Significant portions of the sky and background architecture were found to be heavily overpainted (Pictured here: Ellen Nigro).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-07
  13. 73
    Removal of darkened, discolored overpaint and blanched varnish revealed a beautifully executed head depicting an older soldier.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-07
  14. 74
    Significant areas of blanched varnish were found covering sections of the flowers, particularly the green leaves that were painted using green earth or terre verte
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    Date: 2014-01-07
  15. 75
    This sample was collected from an area in the tiled floor where a pentimento (also called pentimenti) became visible after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by three paint layers; the first corresponds to the initial lay-in of the tiled floor, the second to the initial position of the soldier's foot, and the third to the tiled floor that is now visible in the composition (visible light/100x magnification). Pentimenti are original changes by the artist(s) and can become visible over time as oil paint layers become more transparent with age.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  16. 76
    This sample was collected along the outer left edge (the tacking margin) of the painting before the degraded overpaint/surface coating was removed from the soldier's red cloak. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by several layers of red paint, indicating that multiple adjustments were made to this area of the composition (visible light/100x magnification). The uppermost paint layer was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  17. 77
    This sample was collected from the shot-silk robe of the woman holding the tambourine after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by two layers of paint; the greenish colored lower layer contains earth colors and lead white while the top layer contains lead white with small additions of ultramarine (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  18. 78
    This sample was collected from the dark helmet of a soldier in the background before removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by two layers; the thin, dark black paint layer corresponds to the soldier's helmet while the top layer is the degraded surface coating (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  19. 79
    This sample was collected from a heavily overpainted section of the blue robe worn by the kneeling woman in the lower right corner before removal of the overpaint and degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as multiple layers of blue paint containing ultramarine (lapis lazuli) with small additions of lead white (visible light/100x magnification). These multiple layers suggest that several compositional changes were made to this area of the drapery while the uppermost layer was later confirmed to unoriginal restoration paint.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  20. 80
    This sample was collected from the pink robe of the kneeling woman in the lower right corner before removal of the discolored overpaint. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as four layers of paint, suggesting that multiple compositional changes were made to this area of the drapery. The lower red layer is rich in red lake with additions of vermillion, followed by two lighter layers containing, lead white, vermillion, naples yellow, and earth colors including a single particle of green earth (visible light/100x magnification). The uppermost paint layer was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16