Search Results
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161This sample was collected from the heavily overpainted hand of the kneeling woman in the bottom right corner. The red-brown ground can be seen (appearing damaged and rather fragmented) as well as scattered remaining fragments of the original paint layers corresponding to flesh tones of the hand (although compositional adjustments were likely made during the painting process). The thin, uppermost yellow-brown glaze was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint (visible light/100x magnification).
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162This sample was collected from the heavily overpainted background near the bottom right corner. The red-brown ground can be seen (appearing damaged and rather fragmented) as well as a thin layer of red paint followed by a thick layer of blue-black overpaint (visible light/100x magnification).
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163This sample was collected from an area in the tiled floor where a pentimento (also called pentimenti) became visible after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by three paint layers; the first corresponds to the initial lay-in of the tiled floor, the second to the initial position of the soldier's foot, and the third to the tiled floor that is now visible in the composition (visible light/100x magnification). Pentimenti are original changes by the artist(s) and can become visible over time as oil paint layers become more transparent with age.
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164This sample was collected along the outer left edge (the tacking margin) of the painting before the degraded overpaint/surface coating was removed from the soldier's red cloak. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by several layers of red paint, indicating that multiple adjustments were made to this area of the composition (visible light/100x magnification). The uppermost paint layer was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint.
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165This sample was collected from the shot-silk robe of the woman holding the tambourine after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by two layers of paint; the greenish colored lower layer contains earth colors and lead white while the top layer contains lead white with small additions of ultramarine (visible light/100x magnification).
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166This sample was collected from the dark helmet of a soldier in the background before removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by two layers; the thin, dark black paint layer corresponds to the soldier's helmet while the top layer is the degraded surface coating (visible light/100x magnification).
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167This sample was collected from a heavily overpainted section of the blue robe worn by the kneeling woman in the lower right corner before removal of the overpaint and degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as multiple layers of blue paint containing ultramarine (lapis lazuli) with small additions of lead white (visible light/100x magnification). These multiple layers suggest that several compositional changes were made to this area of the drapery while the uppermost layer was later confirmed to unoriginal restoration paint.
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168This sample was collected from the pink robe of the kneeling woman in the lower right corner before removal of the discolored overpaint. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as four layers of paint, suggesting that multiple compositional changes were made to this area of the drapery. The lower red layer is rich in red lake with additions of vermillion, followed by two lighter layers containing, lead white, vermillion, naples yellow, and earth colors including a single particle of green earth (visible light/100x magnification). The uppermost paint layer was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint.
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169This sample was collected from the pink section of the robe worn by the kneeling woman before removal of the overpaint. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two to three layers of paint; the light yellow paint may be the underlying flesh paint of the woman's back while the uppermost pink paint corresponds to the drapery (visible light/100x magnification). The uppermost paint layer was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint.
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170This sample was collected from the yellow belt of the kneeling woman after removal of the overpaint and degraded varnish. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as several layers of paint; the black layer may represent dark paint used to delineate contours of the figures before successive paint layers were applied (visible light/100x magnification).
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171Conservators and scientists will occasionally collect tiny microscopic samples from artwork in order to obtain a better understanding of the object's restoration history as well as the original materials used by the artist(s). Samples are often taken in conspicuous areas, such as near regions of existing loss or even along outer edges of a composition. In the case of the Triumph of David, there were multiple old tears and losses scattered throughout the painting allowing for the collection of several paint samples. These samples are then embedded in a clear resin and polished smooth, giving a cross-section view of the paint layers from the ground up under high magnification.
Samples can be viewed in visible and ultraviolet light as both types of illumination can reveal complementary information. Certain pigments may auto-fluoresce under ultraviolet light as well as certain organic materials like varnishes, glues, etc.
Cross-sectional samples subjected to both visible and ultraviolet illumination were prepared by Kristin deGhetaldi (project leader). Samples were imbedded in Extec(R) polyester resin/ hardener (approximately 10/ 0.5 ml) and subsequently analyzed under high magnification using a Nikon Eclipse 80i Binocular Microscope (4x, 10x, and 20x objectives) with a Nikon X-cite(R) 120 Mercury Lamp for reflected ultraviolet light. Under ultraviolet light, the samples were viewed using a BV-2A cube (excitation wavelengths between 400 and 420/ 470 nm barrier filter). Digital images were obtained using the Digital Eclipse DXM 1200f Nikon Camera in conjunction with the Automatic Camera Tamer control software for PC systems. -
172This sample was collected from the blue robe of the kneeling woman after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two to three layers of blue paint containing ultramarine (lapis lazuli) with small additions of lead white (visible light/ultraviolet light/200x magnification). Ultraviolet illumination helped to reveal the presence of a double red-brown ground as well as a thin, pigmented glaze between two layers of paint.
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173This sample was collected from an area of the sky after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two to three layers of blue paint containing ultramarine (lapis lazuli) with small additions of lead white (visible light/ultraviolet light/100x magnification). Ultraviolet illumination helped to reveal the presence of a double red-brown ground as well as a thin, pigmented glaze between two layers of paint (this particular area of the sky was painted using a layering system very similar to certain sections of the blue robe worn by the kneeling woman).
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174This sample was collected from a heavily overpainted back of the kneeling woman in the bottom right corner. by the kneeling woman after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two to three layers of paint; the lighter paint layers correspond to the original flesh tones while the uppermost layer represents the unoriginal restoration paint (visible light/ultraviolet light/100x magnification). Ultraviolet illumination helped to reveal the presence of a double red-brown ground; the lack of strong auto-fluorescence in the uppermost layer also supported later findings that confirmed that this layer was unoriginal overpaint.
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175This sample was collected from Abner's yellow ptergues (leather straps worn at the waist by Roman soldiers). The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two layers of paint (visible light/ultraviolet light/100x magnification). Ultraviolet illumination helped to reveal the presence of a double red-brown ground as well as a strongly auto-fluorescent red-colored glaze beneath the yellow paint containing yellow ochre and lead white.
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176This sample was collected from the blue robe worn by the kneeling woman in the lower right corner before removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two layers of blue paint containing ultramarine (lapis lazuli) with small additions of lead white (visible light/ultraviolet light/100x magnification). Ultraviolet illumination helped to reveal the presence of a double red-brown ground; the bottom layer of blue paint can also be seen to contain very few contaminants indicating a higher grade of lapis lazuli was used. This thick blue layer is followed by a thinly applied layer of lapis mixed with lead white followed by the thick layer of degraded surface coating.
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177This sample was collected from the shot-silk robe of the woman holding the tambourine after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by two thin layers of paint rich in earth colors (particularly green earth) and lead white (visible light/ultraviolet light/100x magnification). Ultraviolet illumination helped to reveal the presence of a double red-brown ground.
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178This sample was collected from the soldier's red cloak near the lower left corner before the removal of the overpaint and the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by several layers of red paint, indicating that multiple adjustments were made to this area of the composition (visible light/ultraviolet light/100x magnification). Ultraviolet illumination helped to reveal the presence of a double red-brown ground while the uppermost paint layer was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint; note that the overpaint is painted over the crack that runs through all of the original paint and ground layers.
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179This sample was collected from the arm of the standing soldier near the left edge after removal of the overpaint and the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by several layers of paint, indicating that multiple adjustments were made to this area of the composition (visible light/ultraviolet light/100x magnification). Ultraviolet illumination helped to reveal the presence of a double red-brown ground as well as darker, lower layers of paint (perhaps corresponding to the underlying tunic or darker flesh tones along the contour of the arm) followed by lighter flesh tones. Later examination with x-radiography confirmed that the soldier's arm was enlarged during a later stage of the painting process.
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180This sample was collected from the black shield near the lower left corner after removal of the overpaint and the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by several layers of paint, indicating that multiple adjustments were made to this area of the composition (visible light/ultraviolet light/100x magnification). Ultraviolet illumination helped to reveal the presence of a double red-brown ground as well as several colored layers of paint beneath the uppermost layer containing bone black. Later examination with x-radiography confirmed that a hidden figure is present beneath the shield.