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  1. 101
    Significant areas of blanched varnish were found covering sections of the flowers, particularly the green leaves that were painted using green earth or terre verte
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-07
  2. 102
  3. 103
    Viewing the painting using oblique, raking light helps to illuminate areas that remain covered by the thick, glossy varnish and overpaint. In this image only Abner's head, neck, and clothing has been cleaned.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-07
  4. 104
  5. 105
    In normal visible light other details were noted during the cleaning process. Curious striations and patterns became visible throughout Abner's head and neck; upon closer inspection the team realized that the artist had made a significant change in this area of the composition. From the tiny losses in Abner's face it is possible to detect a cool, grey color coming from underlying paint layers. Read more in the Infrared Reflectography and X-Radiography sections.)
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-10
  6. 106
  7. 107
    This sample was collected from an area in the tiled floor where a pentimento (also called pentimenti) became visible after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by three paint layers; the first corresponds to the initial lay-in of the tiled floor, the second to the initial position of the soldier's foot, and the third to the tiled floor that is now visible in the composition (visible light/100x magnification). Pentimenti are original changes by the artist(s) and can become visible over time as oil paint layers become more transparent with age.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  8. 108
    This sample was collected along the outer left edge (the tacking margin) of the painting before the degraded overpaint/surface coating was removed from the soldier's red cloak. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by several layers of red paint, indicating that multiple adjustments were made to this area of the composition (visible light/100x magnification). The uppermost paint layer was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  9. 109
    This sample was collected from the shot-silk robe of the woman holding the tambourine after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by two layers of paint; the greenish colored lower layer contains earth colors and lead white while the top layer contains lead white with small additions of ultramarine (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  10. 110
    This sample was collected from the dark helmet of a soldier in the background before removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen followed by two layers; the thin, dark black paint layer corresponds to the soldier's helmet while the top layer is the degraded surface coating (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  11. 111
    This sample was collected from a heavily overpainted section of the blue robe worn by the kneeling woman in the lower right corner before removal of the overpaint and degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as multiple layers of blue paint containing ultramarine (lapis lazuli) with small additions of lead white (visible light/100x magnification). These multiple layers suggest that several compositional changes were made to this area of the drapery while the uppermost layer was later confirmed to unoriginal restoration paint.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  12. 112
    This sample was collected from the pink robe of the kneeling woman in the lower right corner before removal of the discolored overpaint. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as four layers of paint, suggesting that multiple compositional changes were made to this area of the drapery. The lower red layer is rich in red lake with additions of vermillion, followed by two lighter layers containing, lead white, vermillion, naples yellow, and earth colors including a single particle of green earth (visible light/100x magnification). The uppermost paint layer was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  13. 113
    This sample was collected from the pink section of the robe worn by the kneeling woman before removal of the overpaint. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two to three layers of paint; the light yellow paint may be the underlying flesh paint of the woman's back while the uppermost pink paint corresponds to the drapery (visible light/100x magnification). The uppermost paint layer was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  14. 114
    This sample was collected from the yellow belt of the kneeling woman after removal of the overpaint and degraded varnish. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as several layers of paint; the black layer may represent dark paint used to delineate contours of the figures before successive paint layers were applied (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  15. 115
    This sample was collected from the yellow belt of the kneeling woman after removal of the overpaint and degraded varnish. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two layers of paint; the yellow belt in this instance was painted directly over a portion of the underlying blue robe (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  16. 116
    Conservators and scientists will occasionally collect tiny microscopic <a href="http://www.artcons.udel.edu/about/kress/examination-techniques-and-scientific-terms/cross-sectional-microscopy" target="_blank">samples</a> from artwork in order to obtain a better understanding of the object's restoration history as well as the original materials used by the artist(s). Samples are often taken in conspicuous areas, such as near regions of existing loss or even along outer edges of a composition. In the case of the <i>Triumph of David</i>, there were multiple old tears and losses scattered throughout the painting allowing for the collection of several paint samples. These samples are then embedded in a clear resin and polished smooth, giving a cross-section view of the paint layers from the ground up under high magnification.<br/><br/>Cross-sectional samples obtained from the "Triumph of David" were prepared by Kristen Watts and Dr. Amanda Norbutus from Villanova University's Chemistry Department. Samples were imbedded in Extec(R) polyester resin/ hardener (approximately 10/ 0.5 ml) and subsequently analyzed under high magnification using a Nikon Eclipse 80i Binocular Microscope (4x, 10x, and 20x objectives) with a Nikon X-cite(R) 120 Mercury Lamp for reflected ultraviolet light. Under ultraviolet light, the samples were viewed using a BV-2A cube (excitation wavelengths between 400 and 420/ 470 nm barrier filter). Digital images were obtained using the Digital Eclipse DXM 1200f Nikon Camera in conjunction with the Automatic Camera Tamer control software for PC systems.
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  17. 117
    This sample was collected from the blue robe of the kneeling woman after a cleaning test was performed to remove the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two to three layers of blue paint containing ultramarine (lapis lazuli) with small additions of lead white (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  18. 118
    This sample was collected from the pink section of the robe worn by the kneeling woman after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two layers of red/pink paint containing vermillion, red lake, and lead white (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  19. 119
    This sample was collected from the heavily overpainted face of the child in the bottom right corner. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as scattered remaining fragments of the original flesh paint. The thin, uppermost glaze was later confirmed to be unoriginal restoration paint (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16
  20. 120
    This sample was collected from the pink section of the robe worn by the kneeling woman after removal of the degraded surface coating. The red-brown ground can be seen as well as two to three layers of paint; the light yellow paint may be the underlying flesh paint of the woman's back while the uppermost pink paint corresponds to the drapery (visible light/100x magnification).
    timeline view   simple view
    Date: 2014-01-16